At that time, a Bolshevik revolt took place in the Menshevik-controlled Democratic Republic of Georgia, and the Red Army subsequently invaded. In 1920, he was enlisted in Cheka, the original Bolshevik secret police by Mir Jafar Baghirov. In 1919, at the age of 20, Beria started his career in state security when the security service of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic hired him while he was still a student at the Polytechnicum. While in prison, Beria formed a connection with Nina Gegechkori (1905–1991), his cellmate's niece, and they eloped on a train. After the Red Army captured the city on 28 April 1920, he was saved from execution because there was not enough time to arrange his shooting and replacement it may also have been that Sergei Kirov intervened. Beria had earlier worked for the anti-Bolshevik Mussavatists in Baku. As a student, Beria distinguished himself in mathematics and the sciences. In his autobiography, Beria mentions only his sister and his niece, implying that his brother was dead or had no relationship with him after he left Merkheuli.īeria attended a technical school in Sukhumi, and later claimed to have joined the Bolsheviks in March 1917 while a student in the Baku Polytechnicum (subsequently known as the Azerbaijan State Oil Academy). Marta was from the Guria region, descended from a noble Georgian family, and was a widow before marrying Beria's father, Pavle Beria (1872–1922), a landowner in Abkhazia, from the Mingrelian ethnic subgroup. He grew up in a Georgian Orthodox family his mother, Marta Jaqeli (1868–1955), was deeply religious and church-going. Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria was born in Merkheuli, near Sukhumi, in the Sukhum Okrug of the Kutais Governorate (now Gulripshi District, de facto Republic of Abkhazia, or Georgia, then part of the Russian Empire). After being arrested, he was tried for treason and other offences, sentenced to death, and executed on 23 December 1953. A coup d'état by Nikita Khrushchev, with help from former Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov, removed Beria from power in June 1953. That amnesty led to a substantial increase in crime.
The Gulag system was transferred to the Ministry of Justice, and a mass release of over a million prisoners was announced, although only prisoners convicted for "non-political" crimes were released. In this dual capacity, he formed a troika with Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov that briefly led the country in Stalin's place. Īfter Stalin's death in March 1953, Beria became First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. President Franklin Roosevelt as “my Himmler”.
At the Yalta Conference, Stalin introduced Beria to U.S. Stalin gave it absolute priority, and the project was completed in under five years. His ruthlessness in his duties and skill at producing results culminated in his success in overseeing the Soviet atomic bomb project. After the war, Beria organised the communist takeover of the state institutions in central and eastern Europe. Beria administered the expansion of the Gulag labour camps, and was primarily responsible for overseeing the secret detention facilities for scientists and engineers known as sharashkas. He simultaneously administered vast sections of the Soviet state, and acted as the de facto Marshal of the Soviet Union in command of NKVD field units responsible for barrier troops and Soviet partisan intelligence and sabotage operations on the Eastern Front.
He would later also orchestrate the forced upheaval of minorities from the Caucasus as head of the NKVD, an act that was declared genocidal by various scholars and, as concerning Chechens, in 2004 by the European Parliament. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, he was responsible for organising purges such as the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers and officials. Beria was the longest-lived and most influential of Stalin's secret police chiefs, wielding his most substantial influence during and after the war. He officially joined the Politburo in 1946. Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria ( / ˈ b ɛ r i ə/ Russian: Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия, IPA: Georgian: ლავრენტი ბერია, IPA: 29 March 1899 – 23 December 1953) was a Georgian Bolshevik and Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security, and chief of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during the Second World War, and promoted to deputy premier under Stalin in 1941.
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